![]() ![]() Furthermore, psychological and cognitive dimensions play a central role in placebo effects. ![]() Other studies have demonstrated placebo-induced changes in immune system functioning 4 as well as cardiovascular and gastrointestinal responses 5. Research has shown, for example, that placebo interventions trigger physiological responses, such as the release of endogenous opioids, resulting in reduced pain perception 3. Placebo effects are likewise based on mutual interactions between biological, psychological and social factors. Stress results from a dynamic interaction between these biological, psychological and social components 2. Social factors refer to the social and environmental influences on the stress response such as interactions with others and social support from family and friends, which can buffer the effects of stress. Psychological factors encompass emotional responses such as fear and anxiety, as well as cognitive appraisal of the stressful situation, which can further modify the stress response. Biological factors refer to the physiological responses during stress, such as the release of the stress hormones cortisol and adrenaline, which prepare the body to deal with the perceived threat. A little explored contextual factor in this regard is stress, which is ubiquitous in clinical settings.Īccording to the biopsychosocial model of arousal, stress integrates biological, psychological, and social factors 2. A central goal of placebo research is therefore to better understand how contextual factors influence placebo effects. Placebo effects occur not only after placebo interventions, but also contribute to the overall effect of almost any treatment 1. Stress most likely interfered with the validity of the gastric NTT ratio to measure nausea and thus the gastric placebo effect. Results suggest that placebo effects on symptoms of nausea and motion sickness are resistant to experimentally-induced stress. In the stressed groups, the beneficial effects of the placebo intervention on nausea and motion sickness remained unchanged, whereas no improvement of the gastric NTT ratio was observed. ![]() In the non-stressed groups, the placebo intervention improved nausea, symptoms of motion sickness, and gastric myoelectrical activity (normo-to-tachy (NTT) ratio). Manipulation checks confirmed increased cortisol levels and negative emotions in the stressed groups. Nausea was induced by a virtual vection drum and behavioral, psychophysiological as well as humoral parameters were repeatedly assessed. 80 healthy female volunteers susceptible to motion sickness were randomly assigned to either the Maastricht Acute Stress Test or a non-stress control condition, and to either placebo treatment or no treatment. The aim of this experimental study was to investigate the interplay between acute stress and placebo effects in nausea. Clinically relevant placebo effects in nausea have been demonstrated, but it remains unclear whether stress has an impact on these effects. Nausea often occurs in stressful situations, such as chemotherapy or surgery. ![]()
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